Background
-Jim Crowe Laws: Statutes created to enforce segregation
-Jackie Robinson: breaks color barrier in MLB in 1947
Brown vs Topeka Board of Education
-Earl Warren: US Supreme Court Justice
-Decision: Public schools could not be seperated by race
-Reversed “Seperate but Equal” clause of Plessy vs Ferguson (1896)
Montgomery Bus Boycott
-Dec. 1, 1955: Montgomery, AL: Rosa Parks refuses to give up seat to white people
-Martin Luther King, Jr.: Preached to blacks in Montgomery to stop using buses
-Supreme Court ruling: Segregation on buses illegal
Little Rock, AR
-South resisted integration in schools
-Little Rock Nat’l Guard prevented schools from opening/integrating
-Federal Judge: Forced Nat’l Guard to be removed
-Ike sent 1000 paratroopers and opened school
-First black students: Little Rock Nine
Civil Rights Act, 1957
-First Civil Rights Act since Reconstruction
-Justice Dept. files suits on behalf of blacks denied right to vote
Black Leaders
-Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.: Fought for Af. American rights with nonviolent protest
-Thurgood Marshall: First Af. Amer. appointed to Supreme Court (1967)
-Malcolm-X: Black Power Movement influenced Af. Americans to take pride in culture
and believe in their ability
1963 March on Washington DC
-Organized to pressure Congress to pass Civil Rights Bill
-King delivered his “I have a dream” speech
Civil Rights Strategies
-Sit-ins: Used to integrate restaurants
-Freedom Riders: Used to help draw attention to South’s refusal to integrate buses
-Southern Manifesto: 96 Congress members signed resolution condemning 1954
Brown vs Board of Education ruling
Martin Luther King’s Assassination
-Apr. 4, 1968: King assassinated in Memphis, TN
-Rioting broke out across nation
-James Earl Ray arrested and convicted for crime
Domestic Policy
-Cut costs of government and balance budget
-Made 4 Supreme Court appointments
-Democrats in control of Congress; Nixon had trouble reaching his goals
SALTI Agreement
-Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
-Limited nuclear arms development
Election of 1972
-Rep. Nominee: Richard Nixon
-Dem. Nominee: George McGovern
-Nixon wins landslide
US Aid to Israel
-Oct. 1973: Egypt and Syria attack Israel on Yom Kippur
-Nixon aided Israelis with various supplies
First Arab Oil Embargo
-Arab response: Embargo oil shipment to US
-US faced gas shortages and high prices
Watergate
-Secret Special Unit (Plumbers) broke into Dem. Nat’l Committee in Watergate Office
Building
-Caught and Nixon attempts cover up
Nixon Under Pressure
-Ervin Committee: Investigated Watergate situation
-Nixon fired 2 of top aids
-Tape recorded conversations hurt Nixon
Resignation of Agnew
-VP Agnew accused of serious crimes
-Resigned
-Nixon nominated Gerald R. Ford as VP
Resignation of Nixon
-Supreme Court ruling: Nixon had to hand over tapes
-Nixon knew he would be impeached
-Aug. 9, 1974: Nixon resigned office of President
Domestic Problems of Gerald Ford
-Pres. Ford grants full pardon to Nixon
-Lost Ford much public support
-Had problems dealing with Democratic Congress
Election of 1976
-Rep. Nominee: Gerald Ford
-Dem. Nominee: Jimmy Carter (Gov. of GA)
-Carter wins close election
Carter’s Presidency
-Main goal: Promote human rights
-SALT II: Attempted but never reached
-Energy Crisis: Dealt with problem by creating Dept. of Energy
International Problems
-Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
-US Response: Embargo of grain to Soviets and boycott of 1980 Olympics in Moscow
-Iran Hostage Crisis (Nov. 4, 1979)
-Angry mob invaded US Embassy in Tehran, taking 52 American hostages
-Egypt and Israel meet at Camp David to discuss peace
-Camp David Accord: Est. official relations between Egypt and Israel
Election of 1980
-Rep. Nominee: Ronald Reagan (Gov. of CA)
-Dem. Nominee: Jimmy Carter
-Reagan wins easily
Reagan’s Domestic Policy
-Took over during time of stagflation
-Combination of high unemployment and high inflation)
The Reagan Doctrine
-Policy supporting guerrilla groups fighting Communism
-Supported Afghan guerrillas
-Sent US troops to Grenada
Election of 1984
-Reagan wins landslide over Walter Mondale
Sandra Day O’Connor
-Appointed to Supreme Court by Reagan
-First woman on court
Iran Contra Scandal
-US sold arms to Iran
-Reagan wanted to free hostages in Middle East
-Money went to support Contra rebels in Nicaragua
Election of 1988
-Rep. Nominee: George H. W. Bush (VP)
-Dem. Nominee: Michael Dukakis (Gov. of Massachusetts)
-Bush wins easily
Foreign Issues Under Bush
-1989: Berlin Wall comes down
-1991: Soviet Union’s communist government collapses
-Cold War comes to an end
Persian Gulf War
-Iraq seizes Kuwait
-US sends forces to protect Saudi Arabia
-Operation Desert Storm: US and Allies attack Jan. 17, 1991
-Iraq agrees to withdraw after 42 days of fighting
Clinton Presidency
-Struggled with health care and gays in military
-He and Rep. Congress passed legislation requiring balanced budget
-Dec. 1998: Impeached for perjury and obstruction of justice
-NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) eliminated tariffs between US,
Canada and Mexico
Election of 2000
-Rep. Nominee: George W. Bush (Gov. of TX)
-Dem. Nominee: Al Gore (VP)
-Bush wins one of closest elections in history
-Came down to FL (Bush won by 537 votes)
9/11
-Al-Quada terrorist group responsible
-Coordinated attack: 4 US planes hijacked
-2 flown into World Trade Centers (NYC), 1 into Pentagon, 1 crashes in PA
-2,996 died
-Jim Crowe Laws: Statutes created to enforce segregation
-Jackie Robinson: breaks color barrier in MLB in 1947
Brown vs Topeka Board of Education
-Earl Warren: US Supreme Court Justice
-Decision: Public schools could not be seperated by race
-Reversed “Seperate but Equal” clause of Plessy vs Ferguson (1896)
Montgomery Bus Boycott
-Dec. 1, 1955: Montgomery, AL: Rosa Parks refuses to give up seat to white people
-Martin Luther King, Jr.: Preached to blacks in Montgomery to stop using buses
-Supreme Court ruling: Segregation on buses illegal
Little Rock, AR
-South resisted integration in schools
-Little Rock Nat’l Guard prevented schools from opening/integrating
-Federal Judge: Forced Nat’l Guard to be removed
-Ike sent 1000 paratroopers and opened school
-First black students: Little Rock Nine
Civil Rights Act, 1957
-First Civil Rights Act since Reconstruction
-Justice Dept. files suits on behalf of blacks denied right to vote
Black Leaders
-Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.: Fought for Af. American rights with nonviolent protest
-Thurgood Marshall: First Af. Amer. appointed to Supreme Court (1967)
-Malcolm-X: Black Power Movement influenced Af. Americans to take pride in culture
and believe in their ability
1963 March on Washington DC
-Organized to pressure Congress to pass Civil Rights Bill
-King delivered his “I have a dream” speech
Civil Rights Strategies
-Sit-ins: Used to integrate restaurants
-Freedom Riders: Used to help draw attention to South’s refusal to integrate buses
-Southern Manifesto: 96 Congress members signed resolution condemning 1954
Brown vs Board of Education ruling
Martin Luther King’s Assassination
-Apr. 4, 1968: King assassinated in Memphis, TN
-Rioting broke out across nation
-James Earl Ray arrested and convicted for crime
Domestic Policy
-Cut costs of government and balance budget
-Made 4 Supreme Court appointments
-Democrats in control of Congress; Nixon had trouble reaching his goals
SALTI Agreement
-Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
-Limited nuclear arms development
Election of 1972
-Rep. Nominee: Richard Nixon
-Dem. Nominee: George McGovern
-Nixon wins landslide
US Aid to Israel
-Oct. 1973: Egypt and Syria attack Israel on Yom Kippur
-Nixon aided Israelis with various supplies
First Arab Oil Embargo
-Arab response: Embargo oil shipment to US
-US faced gas shortages and high prices
Watergate
-Secret Special Unit (Plumbers) broke into Dem. Nat’l Committee in Watergate Office
Building
-Caught and Nixon attempts cover up
Nixon Under Pressure
-Ervin Committee: Investigated Watergate situation
-Nixon fired 2 of top aids
-Tape recorded conversations hurt Nixon
Resignation of Agnew
-VP Agnew accused of serious crimes
-Resigned
-Nixon nominated Gerald R. Ford as VP
Resignation of Nixon
-Supreme Court ruling: Nixon had to hand over tapes
-Nixon knew he would be impeached
-Aug. 9, 1974: Nixon resigned office of President
Domestic Problems of Gerald Ford
-Pres. Ford grants full pardon to Nixon
-Lost Ford much public support
-Had problems dealing with Democratic Congress
Election of 1976
-Rep. Nominee: Gerald Ford
-Dem. Nominee: Jimmy Carter (Gov. of GA)
-Carter wins close election
Carter’s Presidency
-Main goal: Promote human rights
-SALT II: Attempted but never reached
-Energy Crisis: Dealt with problem by creating Dept. of Energy
International Problems
-Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
-US Response: Embargo of grain to Soviets and boycott of 1980 Olympics in Moscow
-Iran Hostage Crisis (Nov. 4, 1979)
-Angry mob invaded US Embassy in Tehran, taking 52 American hostages
-Egypt and Israel meet at Camp David to discuss peace
-Camp David Accord: Est. official relations between Egypt and Israel
Election of 1980
-Rep. Nominee: Ronald Reagan (Gov. of CA)
-Dem. Nominee: Jimmy Carter
-Reagan wins easily
Reagan’s Domestic Policy
-Took over during time of stagflation
-Combination of high unemployment and high inflation)
The Reagan Doctrine
-Policy supporting guerrilla groups fighting Communism
-Supported Afghan guerrillas
-Sent US troops to Grenada
Election of 1984
-Reagan wins landslide over Walter Mondale
Sandra Day O’Connor
-Appointed to Supreme Court by Reagan
-First woman on court
Iran Contra Scandal
-US sold arms to Iran
-Reagan wanted to free hostages in Middle East
-Money went to support Contra rebels in Nicaragua
Election of 1988
-Rep. Nominee: George H. W. Bush (VP)
-Dem. Nominee: Michael Dukakis (Gov. of Massachusetts)
-Bush wins easily
Foreign Issues Under Bush
-1989: Berlin Wall comes down
-1991: Soviet Union’s communist government collapses
-Cold War comes to an end
Persian Gulf War
-Iraq seizes Kuwait
-US sends forces to protect Saudi Arabia
-Operation Desert Storm: US and Allies attack Jan. 17, 1991
-Iraq agrees to withdraw after 42 days of fighting
Clinton Presidency
-Struggled with health care and gays in military
-He and Rep. Congress passed legislation requiring balanced budget
-Dec. 1998: Impeached for perjury and obstruction of justice
-NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) eliminated tariffs between US,
Canada and Mexico
Election of 2000
-Rep. Nominee: George W. Bush (Gov. of TX)
-Dem. Nominee: Al Gore (VP)
-Bush wins one of closest elections in history
-Came down to FL (Bush won by 537 votes)
9/11
-Al-Quada terrorist group responsible
-Coordinated attack: 4 US planes hijacked
-2 flown into World Trade Centers (NYC), 1 into Pentagon, 1 crashes in PA
-2,996 died